Jun 04, · In a paper published in Political Research Quarterly in , This article has been updated to indicate the list is not a comprehensive one with all ideas for curbing police brutality Public health scholars should champion efforts to implement surveillance of police brutality and press funders to support research to understand the experiences of people faced with police brutality. We must ask whether our own research, teaching, and service are intentionally antiracist and challenge the institutions we work in to ask the same Police Brutality Defintion. Police brutality is the use of excessive and/or unnecessary force by police when dealing with civilians. While police brutality has a long history, dating back to the s, it has become a common topic of discussion and controversy in recent years due to a surge of racially driven incidents, protests, and demonstrations
Police brutality and racism in America
Cities across the U. have been rocked by nightly protests against police brutality following the May 25 killing of a Black Minneapolis man named George Floyd by a White police officer, police brutality paper. And as videos proliferate of police arresting or tear gassing seemingly peaceful protestors, the issues raised by the protestors seem more insurmountable than ever. But researchers and activists say that solutions are no mystery: Evidence-based changes to policy around policing can reduce deaths at the hands of the police.
These steps alone can't end racism overnight or erase the myriad inequalities in American society, but they can save lives. Here's what the science says on how to combat police bias and killings: This is not a comprehensive list of suggested reforms, or even of suggested reforms that have been researched. And some ideas, such as defunding police departments, have yet to be thoroughly studied because they have not been tried on a widespread basis.
There is no comprehensive government clearinghouse for data on police killings or police use of force. After the killing of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, inseveral private and nonprofit groups began keeping their own databases. These include Mapping Police Violencean effort led by data scientist and activist Samuel Sinyangwe, Fatal Encountersa catalog by journalist D.
Brian Burghart, and efforts like the Washington Post's Fatal Force database. Related: The fury in US cities is rooted in a police brutality paper history of racist policing, police brutality paper, violence and inequality.
But the databases rely on media reports of deaths, police brutality paper, not police department, city, police brutality paper, state or government data, for the simple reason that many police departments are not forthcoming with this information. It's unreliable and often inaccurate, and this has really precluded a lot of study and understanding and also accountability in real-time of local, state and federal police, police brutality paper.
Even when the government does keep data, it's incomplete and often held on laughably out-of-date technology. In the summerDelehanty embarked on an effort to get raw data from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Uniform Crime Reporting Database.
The email provided by the FBI for researchers to request data bounced back, police brutality paper. The phone number for researchers led to a phone tree that automatically hung up after Delehanty picked the academic option, police brutality paper.
He finally reached a person by using the field office's media line, only to learn that the only way to get the data was by mail, on a CD compact disk. After a few weeks of waiting, the CD arrived and Delehanty dug out a computer that still had a CD-ROM drive. The data was in an old, rarely-seen format a fixed-width delimited text file without the necessary file that would automatically define the data columns. It took days to define the columns by hand, Delehanty said.
Sometimes, incompetent data management by the government means that information just doesn't exist. Edward Lawson, police brutality paper, Jr. He learned that prior to mid, the agency had simply been updating each quarter's information in the same document, erasing and rewriting whatever inventory had been transferred the previous quarter.
Police department data should be accessible through the Freedom of Information Act FOIAwhich allows citizens to request records from public agencies. But FOIA requests often come up empty, in many cases because police decide they simply do not want their department's data scrutinized.
On Twitter, one data scientist who used to work on police use-of-force research wrote that some departments are forthcoming.
Some state laws make transparency more difficult. For example, Section a in New York state seals personnel records for police officerskeeping complaints or histories of misconduct secret. For decades, police departments have been gradually adopting more and more gear from the U.
Departments get this gear in a variety of ways, but one common route is the programwhich provides free surplus military gear to departments for the cost of shipping. Some of this gear is innocuous, Delahanty told Live Science — filing cabinets, gloves, police brutality paper, binoculars and other run-of-the-mill supplies that departments would otherwise have to buy on their own.
But departments have also received equipment such police brutality paper grenade launchers, police brutality paper, bayonets and mine-resistant ambush-protected vehicles MRAPSwhich are military trucks designed to take blows from improvised explosive devices in Afghanistan and Iraq. Related: 13 Significant protests that changed the course of history.
Both Delehanty and Lawson have found that police departments with more military equipment from the program kill more people. In a paper published in Political Research Quarterly inLawson and his colleagues found that in all 50 states between andthe number of police-involved deaths rose with militarization, as measured by the value of the equipment sent to a department via the program, police brutality paper, even after controlling for factors such as population numbers, poverty, race and violent crime, police brutality paper.
In a given year, a department with no requisitions could expect 0. It's likely that departments with a militaristic, us-versus-them mindset seek out more military equipment, Lawson said. But Delehanty's findings hint that the cycle can feed on itself, police brutality paper, with more military equipment encouraging a more violent force. By comparing departments over time, he and his colleagues found that the annual change in military equipment could predict a department's suspect deaths in the next year, police brutality paper.
A department with police brutality paper new equipment in a year could expect 0. A department with the most new requisitions could expect 0. The researchers even found a similar increase in police killings of dogs, suggesting that cops weren't necessarily gearing up for big, casualty-heavy raids with their requisitions.
They were simply becoming more violent in general. The protests have led to renewed calls to end or restrict the program.
InPresident Barack Obama put some limits on the program via executive order. President Donald Trump repealed that executive order in Now, Senator Brian Schatz D-Hawaiihas said he plans to introduce legislation to end the program entirely, The New York Times reported.
Training is often cited as a way to reduce racial biases among police officers and encourage de-escalation. Some training methods have evidence to back them up. But training is a nebulous concept with little oversight, and departments don't necessarily turn to evidence-based programs. Infor example, Fox 9 reported that the St.
Paul Police Department's "main attraction" in its annual equity training was watching the children's movie "Zootopia. There are regulatory ways to change police culture. A report by Sinyangwe released in for the Use of Force Project found that in departments that adopt more of eight policies that limit how police can use force the police kill fewer civilians.
For the report, Sinyangwe looked at records from 94 of the nation's largest municipal police departments. Requiring officers to de-escalate before using force; 2. Using guidelines defining the types of force that can be used to respond to specific situations; 3, police brutality paper. Police brutality paper or police brutality paper chokeholds and strangleholds; 4. Requiring a verbal warning before using deadly force; 5. Prohibiting officers from shooting at moving vehicles except in extreme circumstances; 6.
Requiring officers to exhaust other options before resorting to deadly force; 7. Establishing a duty by officers to intervene if one of their colleagues is using excessive force; 8.
Requiring officers to report all uses of force or attempted use of force. Police union contracts are also associated with police violence, mainly because contracts can be written to make it very difficult to fire or discipline officers for misconduct. A thesis by Oxford University graduate student Abdul Rad found that U. cities with more police protections had higher rates of police abuse, even when controlling for variables like racial demographics and crime rates.
In some cases, police brutality paper, drastic measures are needed. After a major police-corruption scandal in and persistently high crime in Camden, police brutality paper, New Jersey, the city decided to entirely disband its police department instarting a new department with an emphasis on police brutality paper policing.
This means policies are put in place to reduce the use of force and increase accountability, as well as to build trust between police and the community, according to CityLab.
Community policing is an alternative to the "Broken Windows" style policing police brutality paper cracks down hard on minor infractions, flooding neighborhoods with police enforcement. Related: What's the difference between race and ethnicity? Research shows that more comprehensive police brutality paper in communities pay dividends.
A study police brutality paper in the journal American Sociological Review found that across more than cities, a greater number of nonprofit organizations was linked to declines in crime. A similar study published in the journal Urban Affairs Review this year used Denver as an example and found that a higher density of nonprofits in an area was linked to lower crime, police brutality paper, even after controlling for demographics police brutality paper other factors.
Police are often the first to respond when someone with mental health issues is in crisis, and some evidence suggests that as many as 1 in 4 of those killed by police are mentally ill. The first of these programs, in Memphis, started in the late s after police killed a mentally ill Black man who was cutting himself with a butcher knife.
Research on CITs is police brutality paper because different departments commit police brutality paper levels of training and effort into their programs; but some evidence suggests that having a CIT in place results in less frequent use of SWAT special weapons and tactics teams, according to a review.
Some places have gone even further, taking police out of the mental-health response equation. In Eugene, Oregon, a diversion program called CAHOOTS redirects calls about mental health-related issues to a team of mental health professionals and medics, rather than to police. Program staff also reach out to the city's homeless, giving out supplies and referring people to medical care, according to The Bend Bulletin.
Independent and civilian oversight of police departments can go a long way toward reducing bad behavior. A study in the journal Police Quarterly found that departments that had citizen complaint investigations reviewed by an outside citizen agency were more likely to find that the complaints had merit, rather than dismissing them without consequence.
The study also found that Black complainants were more likely than those of other races to have their complaints dismissed. Federal investigations of police shootings can also reduce police killings, according to a investigation by VICE News, police brutality paper. Another form of oversight involves citizen watchdogs. This aspect of policing the police has grown organically with the rise of video-enabled smartphones. Interestingly, research suggests that wearing body cams does not reduce police violence directly.
But knowing that police officers could be wearing body cams but are choosing not to activate them might alter the public's opinion of police behavior, said Fabian Neuner, a political scientist at Arizona State University. Meanwhile, having bystander video of police killing suspects appears to be altering the conversation on police racial bias and brutality.
After the Michael Brown Jr. shooting inNeuner and his colleagues Hakeem Jefferson and Josh Pasek found a wide gap between Black people and White people in America as to whether the officer should have been charged and even police brutality paper basic facts of the case.
By contrast, the killing of George Floyd seems to have elicited a much more unified response. The reasons for the differences aren't entirely clear, but the video evidence of Floyd's death probably plays a role, Neuner said.
The protests are likely having an impact, too. Editor's note: This article has been updated to indicate police brutality paper list is not a comprehensive one with all ideas for curbing police brutality, police brutality paper. A correction was also made to indicate that a paper in Political Research Quarterly was published inpolice brutality paper, not as was previously police brutality paper. Originally published on Live Science.
'Nausea': French papers outraged after latest police brutality incident
, time: 5:47Police Brutality and Black Health: Setting the Agenda for Public Health Scholars
Jan 21, · Police brutality is the use of excessive and unnecessary force on the part of a police officer when he is interacting with a civilian, resulting in a violation of the civilian’s civil rights. The use of such tools as pepper spray, batons, and tasers, as well as hitting, choking, throwing a non-combatant civilian to the ground, and sexual Apr 07, · Writing a police brutality research paper outline will ease structuring it. So here is the structure for your research on police brutality: Introduction. Here, you introduce the reader to the topic of your work. You start with some background information, add historical view and definitions if needed Police brutality is the excessive and unwarranted use of force by law enforcement. It is an extreme form of police misconduct or violence and is a civil rights violation. The paper concluded that people with a higher fear of racial minorities and dehumanization had "a lower threshold for shooting Black relative to White and East Asian targets"
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