Jan 30, · There are some general tips that may seem unnecessary at first but could make all the difference in the scores you receive for your biology lab report. Examples include; At the start of a sentence, ensure that you spell the numbers, e.g. twenty milliliters of Be specific about your title as your experiment is also specific. Make sure your title has a ten to fifteen word limit. Example: “The effects of the flowers changing colors during pollination.” (9 words) Of course, this is obvious that you should put your title in your report Example of a well-written lab report. Return to Laboratory report Instruction main page Example of a poorly written lab report (single-spaced to conserve paper; yours should be double-spaced to leave room for comments) Ontogenetic Color Change and Mating Cues in Largus californicus (Hemiptera: Largidae). Carey Booth Box Biology 2 February Lab instructor: Ned Knight Lab day: Friday
Biology Lab Report Example – Example of a well-written lab report
Return to Laboratory report Instruction main page Example of a poorly written lab report. Carey Booth Box Biology 2 February Lab instructor: Ned Knight Lab day: Friday. Ontogenetic color change at sexual maturation can be useful in identifying an appropriate mate for some organisms. Largus californicus individuals undergo two ontogenetic color changes. First instars are bright red, second through fifth how to write a biology lab report example are shiny blue-black, and adults are black with orange markings.
Adult male mating behavior suggested that the change in color from fifth instars to adults might enable males to discriminate between nymphs and adults. Males mount adults and persist if they have mounted a female and quickly release if they have mounted another male. Males were never observed to mount nymphs. Female color patterns were altered and male's copulatory attempts were timed to determine if color pattern was used by males in mating decisions. The null hypothesis that dorsal color pattern does not significantly affect male mating behavior could not be rejected, therefore the significance of the color change from nymph to adult must be sought elsewhere.
Ontogenetic color change at the time of sexual maturation has been shown to be advantageous to fish Frickereptiles Werner,and birds Lyon and Montgomerie, In general, dull-colored juveniles avoid predation risk and harassment by breeding males, and sexually mature individuals use bright colors to advertise their readiness to mate Booth, a.
In insects, mating cues are often chemical rather than visual Jacobson,but there are some exceptions. In diurnal Lepidoptera, adult color pattern plays an important role in the initial phase of mating behavior Graham et al. In holometabolous insects, such as Lepidoptera, maturation is associated with dramatic morphological changes, therefore distinguishing between larvae and adults for mating attempts is not difficult. The recognition of maturity is more difficult in hemimetabolous insects where late instars may be similar to adults in size and shape.
The possibility that ontogenetic color change in some Hemiptera may have evolved as an indication of maturation has not been investigated experimentally. The mating behavior of male Largus californicus suggests that males may be using visual cues, perhaps in addition to pheromonal cues, to distinguish between fifth instars and adults for mating attempts. Fifth instars are shiny blue-black and almost adult-sized.
Adults both males and females are black with orange borders around the thickened portion of the hemelytra and pronotum Booth, b. Although males were never observed to mount nymphs, they do mount other adults, and persist if they have mounted a female or release within a few seconds if they have mounted another male.
Their distinctive courtship behavior allows an observer to identify immediately the initiation of a mating event. This consists of the male orienting towards the female when he is approximately 1 cm away, rapidly waving his antennae, leaping onto the female's back, and agitatedly grabbing the female with his legs.
As their genitals do not immediately join, it is possible to separate a pair before they actually mate. These bugs do not fly and are easily how to write a biology lab report example and painted without significantly disrupting their normal behavior. Experiments were designed to determine if males use color cues in their mating decision and if their behavior could explain the significance of the ontogenetic color change from fifth instars to adults.
The null hypothesis that dorsal color pattern does not significantly affect male mating behavior was tested. The experiment was performed outdoors at the Main Campus Reserve at the University of California, Santa Barbara on January 31, Bugs were collected from the Reserve on the morning of the testing day.
Tests were performed when the bugs are normally active to hours and control tests were interspersed between experimental tests so that time of day, temperature, cloudiness, and other environmental variables would be approximately the same between experiment and control.
An acrylic black paint and clear finish how to write a biology lab report example used in each treatment. The first treatment was black paint and clear finish on the ventral surface of the female to control for the smell of the paints without altering the black and orange pattern on the dorsum.
The second treatment was clear finish on the dorsum to control for covering the dorsal surface, which may reduce how to write a biology lab report example scent emitted or otherwise affect the female's behavior. The third treatment was black paint on the dorsum to mimic the color of the fifth instars.
The three treatments will be referred to as normal, clear, and black for brevity. One female was used for all three treatments to hold other aspects size, shape, scent of the female's attractiveness constant. The order of presentation of the three treatments was necessarily the same for all males, as the one female in each experiment could only have black paint added after the normal and clear treatments. This design allows for a repeated measures analysis of variance as each male is tested with the same female under three different paint conditions.
After each painting, the female was placed in a clear plastic 9 x 7 x 3 cm box. Males were held separately in labeled plastic petri dishes.
Each male was introduced one at a time into the box at the point farthest from the female. He was removed when he mounted the female or after an arbitrarily chosen time of seconds had elapsed, how to write a biology lab report example, whichever came first, how to write a biology lab report example. The time to mount or seconds no-mount was recorded. The pair was separated before their genitalia joined so no actual mating occurred. After all 15 males were tested, the female was painted for the next treatment and the males were tested in the same order.
To control for the possibility of males tiring by the second or third trial, a similar number of different males were tested three times each with one untreated female; i. no changes were made to the female between trials. Trials were alternated between experimental and control males throughout the day of testing.
A total of two females one experimental and one control and 29 males 15 experimental and 14 control were used. Statistical analyses were performed using the StatView program on a Macintosh microcomputer. One-way, repeated measures ANOVAs were used to test for differences in males' time to mount among the three treatments and among the three control trials.
No significant differences were found in males' time to mount among the three treatments or among the three control trials based on a repeated measures ANOVA Table 1. Males mounted black painted females as readily as females with the typical black and orange pattern. There was a slight, but not significant, increase in male's mean time to mount for the black treatment as compared to the normal and clear treatments Figure 1, how to write a biology lab report example.
The first control trial had a slightly larger, but not significantly different, male's mean time to mount as compared to the second and third trials Figure 2. The male's mean times to mount were lower for the three control trials than for the three experimental treatments. Because the maximal time males were allowed to stay in the box without mounting the female was chosen arbitrarily, the one case where a male did not mount the female within the allotted seconds could have biased the results Table 1.
After excluding the mount time for the male that failed to mount, the results did not differ qualitatively from the above: no significant differences were found. By using one female for all three color treatments, any non-color aspects of the female's attractiveness were held constant. As the null hypothesis that males' time to mount is not significantly affected by color of the female was not rejected, males evidently used those other traits in seeking a mate.
The male behavior of mounting other adults male or female and not nymphs may indicate that there are pheromonal differences between nymphs and adults but not between adult males and females. Males release other males rapidly once contact has been made, so chemical cues transferred by touch or other close range signals such as sound may be used to distinguish males from females.
There are slight shape differences between nymphs and adults nymphs are more how to write a biology lab report example that could possibly be used by males in mating decisions. Other experiments are necessary to determine the nature of the communication between adults and between adults and nymphs.
Among hemipterans, several species use pheromones as mating cues. Males of the southern green stink bug Nezara viridula release a pheromone that attracts females, males, late-stage nymphs, and a parasitoid Aldrich et al.
Females of Dysdercus cingulatus and Pyrrhocoris apterus also produce substances attractive to males Osmani and Naidu, ; Zdarek, As these last two species are in the same superfamily Pyrrhocoroidea as L.
californicus, it is possible that L. californicus females also produce a pheromone that is attractive to males. However, several species in the family Largidae, including L. cinctus a close relative of L. californicushave minimal development of the metathoracic scent gland evaporative area Schaefer,so their use of pheromonal communication may be limited. The use of pheromones does not rule out the possibility that visual cues may also be important. Aldrich, J. Oliver, W. Lusby, J. Kochansky and J.
Pheromone strains of the cosmopolitan pest, Nezara viridula Heteroptera: Pentatomidae. Booth, C, how to write a biology lab report example. Evolutionary significance of ontogenetic colour change in animals. Biology of Largus californicus Hemiptera: Largidae. Southwestern Naturalist Fricke, H. Juvenile-adult colour patterns and coexistence in the territorial coral reef fish Pomacanthus imperator. Graham, S. Watt and L. Metabolic resource allocation vs, how to write a biology lab report example.
mating attractiveness: Adaptive pressures on the "alba" polymorphism of Colias butterflies. Lyon, B. and R. Delayed plumage maturation in passerine birds: reliable signaling by subordinate males?
Evolution Osmani, Z. and M. Evidence of sex attractant in female Dysdercus cingulatus Fabr. Indian J. Schaefer, C. Degree of metathoracic scent-gland development in the trichophorous Heteroptera Hemiptera.
How to write a lab report for biology made simple : Writing lab reports
, time: 25:41How To Write Biology Lab Report: Guide and Examples - blogger.com
For example, if you are writing about an experiment you have already performed, then refer to it in the past tense. Present tense should be used when referring to a scientific principle, such as, “Water is two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen.” Document your sources. When incorporating information into File Size: KB Example of a well-written lab report. Return to Laboratory report Instruction main page Example of a poorly written lab report (single-spaced to conserve paper; yours should be double-spaced to leave room for comments) Ontogenetic Color Change and Mating Cues in Largus californicus (Hemiptera: Largidae). Carey Booth Box Biology 2 February Lab instructor: Ned Knight Lab day: Friday How To Write Biology Lab Report: Guide and Examples - blogger.com A biology review that summarizes what is already known about the topic. A, B, E The introduction should not include details about procedures, results, or conclusions. These will lab included in later reports of the paper. Example this Guide Search
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