The Department of Computer Science offers degrees at the Bachelors, Masters, and PhD levels. The faculty believes in a strong advising approach and, as advisors, help students choose the appropriate program according to their goals, needs, and interests. Students who are interested in a Computer Science degree with a rich set of elective options taught by experts should Computer Science Professor Wins ‘Test of Time’ Award for Influential Paper. Shang-Hua Teng’s groundbreaking paper on smoothed analysis of algorithms helped explain a long-debated phenomenon: why do some algorithms work better in practice than in theory? Nov 02, · Check CBSE Class 12 Computer Science Sample Paper & CBSE Class 12 Computer Science Marking Scheme Download now & prepare for upcoming CBSE board exams
Computer science - Wikipedia
Computer science is the study of algorithmic processescomputational machines and computation itself. Its fields can be divided into theoretical and practical disciplines. For example, the theory of computation concerns abstract models of computation and general classes of problems that can be solved using them, while computer graphics or computational geometry emphasize more specific applications.
Algorithms and data structures have been called the heart of computer science. Computer architecture describes construction of computer components and computer-operated equipment, computer science paper.
Artificial intelligence aims to synthesize goal-orientated processes such as problem-solving, decision-making, environmental adaptation, planning and learning found in humans and animals.
A digital computer is capable of simulating various information processes. The Turing Award is generally recognized as the highest distinction in computer sciences. The earliest foundations of what would become computer science predate the invention of the modern digital computer. Machines for calculating fixed numerical tasks such as the abacus have existed since antiquity, aiding in computations such as multiplication and division. Algorithms for performing computations have existed since antiquity, even before the development of sophisticated computing equipment.
Wilhelm Schickard designed and constructed the first working mechanical calculator in InThomas de Colmar launched the mechanical calculator industry [note 1] when he invented his simplified arithmometerthe first calculating machine strong enough and reliable enough to be used daily in an office environment.
Charles Babbage started the design of the first automatic mechanical calculatorcomputer science paper, his Difference Engineinwhich eventually gave him the idea of the first programmable mechanical calculatorhis Analytical Engine, computer science paper. Following Babbage, although unaware of his earlier work, Percy Ludgate in published [14] the 2nd of the only two designs for mechanical analytical engines in history.
When the machine was finished, some hailed computer science paper as "Babbage's dream come true". During the s, with the development of new and more powerful computing machines such as the Atanasoff—Berry computer and ENIACthe term computer came to refer to the machines rather than their human predecessors, computer science paper.
Incomputer science paper, IBM founded the Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory at Columbia University in New York City. The renovated fraternity house on Manhattan's West Side was IBM's first laboratory devoted to pure science. The lab is the forerunner of IBM's Research Division, which today operates research facilities around the world.
The first computer science department in the United States was formed at Purdue University in Although first proposed in[23] the term "computer science" appears in a article in Communications of the ACM[24] in which Louis Fein argues for the creation of a Graduate School in Computer Sciences analogous to the creation of Harvard Business School in[25] justifying the name by arguing that, like management sciencethe subject is applied and interdisciplinary in nature, while having the characteristics typical of computer science paper academic discipline.
Because of this, several alternative names have been proposed. Danish scientist Peter Naur suggested the term datalogy[28] to reflect the fact that the scientific discipline revolves around data and data treatment, while not necessarily involving computers. The first scientific institution to use the term was the Department of Datalogy at computer science paper University of Copenhagen, founded inwith Peter Naur being the first professor in datalogy.
The term is used mainly in the Scandinavian countries. An alternative term, also proposed by Naur, is data science ; this is now used for a multi-disciplinary field of data analysis, including statistics and databases. In the early days of computing, a number of terms for computer science paper practitioners of the field of computing were suggested in the Communications of the ACM — turingineerturologistcomputer science paper, flow-charts-manapplied meta-mathematicianand applied epistemologist.
informatique FrenchInformatik Germaninformatica Italian, Dutchinformática Spanish, Portugueseinformatika Slavic languages and Hungarian or pliroforiki πληροφορικήwhich means informatics in Greek. Similar words have also been adopted in the UK as in the School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh.
A folkloric quotation, often attributed to—but almost certainly not first formulated by— Edsger Dijkstrastates that "computer science is no more about computers than astronomy is about telescopes. For example, the study of computer hardware is usually considered part of computer engineeringwhile the study of commercial computer systems and their deployment is often called information technology or information systems.
However, there has been much cross-fertilization of ideas between the various computer-related disciplines. Computer science research also often intersects other disciplines, such as philosophy, cognitive sciencelinguisticsmathematicsphysics computer science paper, biologyEarth sciencestatisticsand logic.
Computer science is considered by some to have a much closer relationship with mathematics than many scientific disciplines, with some observers saying that computing is a mathematical science. The relationship between Computer Science and Software Engineering is a contentious issue, computer science paper, which is further muddied by disputes over what the term "Software Engineering" means, computer science paper, and how computer science is defined. The academic, computer science paper, political, and funding aspects of computer science tend to depend on whether a department is formed with a mathematical emphasis or with an engineering emphasis.
Computer science departments with a mathematics emphasis and with a numerical orientation consider alignment with computational science. Both types of departments tend to make efforts to bridge the field educationally if not across computer science paper research.
Despite the word "science" in its name, there is debate over whether or not computer science is a discipline of science, mathematics, or engineering. Simon argued in. Computer science is an empirical discipline. We would have called it an experimental science, but like astronomy, economics, and geology, computer science paper, some of its unique forms of observation and experience do not fit a narrow stereotype of the experimental method.
Nonetheless, they are experiments. Each new machine that is computer science paper is an experiment. Actually constructing the machine poses a question to nature; and we listen for the answer by observing the machine in operation and analyzing it by all analytical and measurement means available, computer science paper. It has since been argued that computer science paper science can be classified as an empirical science since computer science paper makes use of empirical testing to evaluate the correctness of programs, but a problem remains in defining the laws and theorems of computer science if any exist and defining the nature of experiments in computer science, computer science paper.
Proponents of classifying computer science as a mathematical discipline argue that computer programs are physical realizations of mathematical entities and programs can be deductively reasoned through mathematical formal methods.
Dijkstra and Tony Hoare regard instructions for computer programs as mathematical sentences and interpret formal semantics for programming languages as mathematical axiomatic systems.
A number of computer scientists have argued for the distinction of three separate paradigms in computer science. Peter Wegner argued that those paradigms are science, technology, and mathematics. Eden described them as the "rationalist paradigm" which treats computer science as a branch of mathematics, which is prevalent in theoretical computer science, and mainly employs deductive reasoningthe "technocratic paradigm" which might be found in engineering approaches, most prominently in software engineeringcomputer science paper, and the "scientific paradigm" which approaches computer-related artifacts from the empirical perspective of natural sciencesidentifiable in some branches of artificial intelligence.
As a discipline, computer science spans a range of topics from theoretical studies of algorithms and the limits of computation to the practical issues of implementing computing systems in hardware and software. In addition to these four areas, CSAB also identifies fields such as software engineering, computer science paper, artificial intelligence, computer networking and communication, database systems, parallel computation, computer science paper, distributed computation, human—computer interaction, computer graphics, operating systems, and numerical and symbolic computation as being important areas of computer science.
Theoretical Computer Science is mathematical and abstract in spirit, computer science paper, but it derives its motivation from the practical and everyday computation, computer science paper. Its aim is to understand the nature of computation and, as a consequence of this understanding, provide more efficient methodologies.
According to Peter Denningthe fundamental question underlying computer science is, "What can be automated? In an effort to answer the first question, computability theory examines which computational problems are solvable on various theoretical models of computation. The second question is addressed by computational complexity theorywhich studies the time and space costs associated with different approaches to solving a multitude of computational problems.
problem, one of the Millennium Prize Problems[44] is an open problem in the theory of computation. Information theory, computer science paper, closely related to probability and statisticsis related to the quantification of information. This was developed by Claude Shannon to find fundamental limits on signal processing operations such as compressing data and on reliably storing and communicating data.
Codes are used for data compressioncryptographyerror detection and correctionand more recently also for network coding. Codes are studied for the purpose of computer science paper efficient and reliable data transmission methods. Data structures and algorithms are the studies of commonly used computational methods and their computational efficiency.
Programming language theory is a branch of computer science that deals with the design, implementation, analysis, characterization, and classification of programming languages and their individual features. It falls within the discipline of computer science, both depending on and affecting mathematicssoftware engineering, and linguistics. It is an active research area, with numerous dedicated academic journals. Formal methods are a particular kind of mathematically based technique for the specificationdevelopment and verification of software and hardware systems.
They form an important theoretical underpinning for software engineering, especially where safety or security is involved. Formal methods are a useful adjunct to software testing since they help avoid errors and can also give a framework for testing. For industrial use, tool support is required. However, the high cost of using formal methods means that they are usually only used in the development of high-integrity and life-critical systemswhere safety or security is of utmost importance.
Formal methods are best described as the application of a fairly broad variety of theoretical computer science fundamentals, in particular logic calculi, formal languagesautomata theoryand program semanticsbut also type systems and algebraic data computer science paper to problems in software and hardware specification and verification. Artificial intelligence AI aims to or is required to synthesize goal-orientated processes such as problem-solving, computer science paper, decision-making, environmental adaptation, learning, and communication found in humans and animals.
From its origins in cybernetics and in the Dartmouth Conferenceartificial intelligence research has been necessarily cross-disciplinary, computer science paper, drawing on areas of expertise such as applied mathematicssymbolic logicsemioticselectrical engineeringphilosophy of mindcomputer science paper, neurophysiologyand social intelligence, computer science paper.
AI is associated in the popular mind with robotic developmentbut the main field of practical application has been as an embedded component in areas of software developmentwhich require computational understanding. The starting point in the late s was Alan Turing 's question "Can computers think? But the automation of evaluative and predictive tasks has been increasingly successful as a substitute for human monitoring and intervention in domains of computer application involving complex real-world data.
Computer architecture, or digital computer organization, is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system. It focuses largely on the way by which the central processing unit performs internally and accesses addresses in memory. Johnson and Frederick P. Brooks, computer science paper, Jr. Concurrency is a property of systems in which several computations are executing simultaneously, and potentially computer science paper with each other.
Computers within that distributed system have their own private memory, and information can be exchanged to achieve common goals. Computer security is a branch of computer technology with the objective of protecting information from unauthorized access, disruption, or modification while maintaining the accessibility and computer science paper of the system for its intended users.
Cryptography is the practice and study of hiding encryption and therefore deciphering decryption information. Modern cryptography is largely related to computer science, for many encryption and decryption algorithms are based on their computational complexity.
A database is intended to organize, store, and retrieve large amounts of data computer science paper. Digital databases are managed using database management systems to store, create, maintain, and search data, through database models and query languages.
Data mining is a process of discovering patterns in large data sets. Computer graphics is the study of digital visual contents and involves the synthesis and manipulation of image data. The study is connected to many other fields in computer science, including computer computer science paperimage processingand computational geometryand is heavily applied in the fields of special effects and video games.
Information can take the form of images, sound, video or other multimedia. Computer science paper of information can be streamed via signals. Its processing is the central notion of informaticsthe European view on computingwhich studies information processing algorithms independently of the type of information carrier - whether it is electrical, mechanical or biological.
This field plays important role in information theorytelecommunicationsinformation engineering and has applications in medical image computing and speech synthesiscomputer science paper, among others. What is the lower bound on the complexity of fast Fourier transform algorithms?
is one of unsolved problems in theoretical computer science.
1.3 Computer Networks - GCSE OCR Computer Science J277 Paper 1 - Exam Questions and Recap
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The Department of Computer Science offers degrees at the Bachelors, Masters, and PhD levels. The faculty believes in a strong advising approach and, as advisors, help students choose the appropriate program according to their goals, needs, and interests. Students who are interested in a Computer Science degree with a rich set of elective options taught by experts should Computer Science Professor Wins ‘Test of Time’ Award for Influential Paper. Shang-Hua Teng’s groundbreaking paper on smoothed analysis of algorithms helped explain a long-debated phenomenon: why do some algorithms work better in practice than in theory? Computer science doctoral student Mengyu Fu was awarded a Best Paper Finalist Award at the Robotics: Science and Systems Conference, one of the top research conferences in the field of robotics. The paper was co-authored by Fu’s advisor, Professor Ron Alterovitz, and by Assistant Professor Oren Salzman of the Technion – Israel Institute of
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